Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 genes and proteins encoded thereby from algae

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to the isolation, purification, and characterization of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and genes encoding DGAT2, from algae. DGAT2 can incorporate very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into triacylglycerol more efficiently than DGAT1. The disclosure concerns methods of regulating seed oil content, fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid composition using the DGAT2 gene and to tissues and plants transformed with the gene. The disclosure also relates to transgenic plants, plant tissues and plant seeds having a genome containing an introduced DNA sequence of the disclosure, and a method of producing such plants and plant seeds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/735,132, filed Nov. 4, 2010, pending, which application is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application PCT/US2008/013811, filed Dec. 16, 2008, designating the United States of America and published in English as International Patent Publication WO 2009/085169 A2 on Jul. 9, 2009, which claims the benefit under Article 8 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/008,752 filed Dec. 21, 2007, for “DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 GENES AND PROTEINS ENCODED THEREBY FROM ALGAE,” the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to biotechnology and, more particularly, to genes useful for the genetic manipulation of plant characteristics. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to isolated and/or purified polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) and methods of their use.

BACKGROUND

Oil seed crops are a significant agricultural commodity. Plant seed oils are major sources of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids for human diets and renewable feedstocks for chemical industries. The enzymes of the fatty acid synthase complex in the plastids of developing seeds are responsible for the biosynthesis of fatty acids that are channeled into the cytosolic acyl CoA pool to sustain triacylglycerol accumulation. Triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis is located in the endoplasmic reticulum with glycerol 3 phosphate and fatty acyl CoAs as the primary substrates. There are three acyltransferases involved in the plant storage lipid bioassembly, namely, the glycerol 3 phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT, EC 2.3.1.15), the lyso phosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT, EC 2.3.1.51) and the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20). These three acyltransferases catalyze the stepwise acylation of the glycerol backbone with the final step being the acylation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) by DGAT into the formation of TAGs, a biochemical process generally known as the Kennedy pathway. DGAT-mediated acylation of the glycerol backbone to produce TAG has been suggested as the rate-limiting step in plant lipids accumulation. Thus, DGAT is a target in the genetic modification of plant lipid biosynthesis.

DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein is a genus of polypeptides having at least 90% sequence identity to T. pseudonana diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT). These polypeptides may be used to alter the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants. Also disclosed are polypeptides comprising the catalytic diacylglycerol transferase domain of Thalassiosira pseudonana DGAT2, and polypeptides having at least 90% sequence identity to the catalytic diacylglycerol transferase domain of DGAT2. Further described are polynucleotide sequences that encode polypeptides having at least 90% sequence identity to T. pseudonana DGAT2, and polynucleotides encoding polypeptides with at least 90% identity to the diacylglycerol transferase domain of T. pseudonana DGAT2.

Also disclosed herein is an isolated and purified diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT) gene and cDNA sequences from T. pseudonana. Also disclosed is the full-length DGAT2 cDNA sequence from T. pseudonana, and cDNA sequences with at least 80% sequence identity to the DGAT2 cDNA. In some embodiments, these cDNA sequences may be contained within a vector. These polynucleotides may be used to modify the natural formation of triacylglycerols in plants in order to increase the yield of commercial plant oils, or to modify their composition to achieve specific commercial improvements of plants and plant products.

Also disclosed are other isolated and purified genes and cDNA sequences of the DGAT2 family from T. pseudonana, and from other species of algae, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Ostreococcus lucimarinus, Ostreococcus tauri, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. These polynucleotides may also be used to modify the natural formation of triacylglycerols in plants in order to increase the yield of commercial plant oils, or to modify their composition to achieve specific commercial improvements of plants and plant products.

A transgenic plant containing a nucleic acid construct is also disclosed. A method of transforming a cell or a plant is described; the method comprising introducing the isolated, purified or recombinant nucleic acid into the cell or plant. A process for producing a genetically transformed plant seed comprises introducing the nucleic acid into the plant seed. In some embodiments, these methods may be used for modifying plants to change their seed oil content.

Stated most generally, some examples disclose the isolation, purification and characterization of a DGAT2 gene from algae, and the utility of DGAT2 in the production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The foregoing will become more apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B depict the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) corresponding to the full-length DGAT2 cDNA sequence of T. pseudonana DGAT2 (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIGS. 2A-2B depict a sequence alignment between SEQ ID NO:1 (TpDGA2) and gi:37182187, gi:50541689, gi:74623358, gi:74623359, gi:86279638, and gi:62825813, which are all type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Amino acids common to four or more of the sequences are indicated in bold. The amino acid sequence comprising the catalytic diacylglycerol transferase domain of these type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases consists of residues: 236-365 (TpDGA2), 79-208 (gi:37182187), 76-205 (gi:50541689), 76-205 (gi:74623358), 34-165 (gi:74623359), 33-165 (gi:86279638), and 36-165 (gi:62825813).

FIG. 3A depicts one example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:3).

FIG. 3B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:3 (SEQ ID NO:4).

FIG. 4A depicts another example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:5).

FIG. 4B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:5 (SEQ ID NO:6).

FIG. 5A depicts another example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:7).

FIG. 5B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:7 (SEQ ID NO:8).

FIG. 6A depicts another example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:9).

FIG. 6B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:9 (SEQ ID NO:10).

FIG. 7A depicts another example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:11).

FIG. 7B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:11 (SEQ ID NO:12).

FIG. 8A depicts another example of a polypeptide sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO:13).

FIG. 8B depicts a portion of a polynucleotide sequence with at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2 and encoding a portion of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:13 (SEQ ID NO:14).

FIG. 9 depicts thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of TAG produced by expressing TpDGAT2 and AtDGAT1 in yeast mutant H1246 MAT α (DGAT, PDAT, ASAT1⁻, ASAT2⁻, which is deficient in TAG formation). Lane 1 represents the expression of AtDGAT1; Lanes 2-6 represent the expression of TpDGAT2. Clear TAG (triacylglycerol) bands were observed in lanes 2-6. Lane 8 represents an empty vector (pYES2.1) control, and there is no TAG (triacylglycerol) band in this lane. The lane on the right of lane 8 was loaded with a TAG standard, which can be used as a TAG marker.

FIG. 10 shows DGAT activity in yeast mutant H1246 MAT α transformed with empty plasmid (pYES2.1 Con; empty bars), with the T. pseudonana DGAT2 cDNA (pYES:DGAT; stippled bars) and with the A. thaliana DGAT1 cDNA (solid black bars). The microsomal membrane fractions prepared from lysates of the induced yeast cells were assayed for DGAT activity using different ¹⁴C-labeled acyl-CoAs as acyl donors, and unlabeled sn-1,2 diolein as acceptor. The relative DGAT activity here was expressed as DPM (the amount of ¹⁴C-labeled substrates incorporated into TAGs). The results illustrate the substrate preference and relative activity of TpDGAT2 and AtDGAT1.

FIG. 11 depicts a homology comparison of the amino acid sequences of the TpDGAT2 (TpDGAT2-1) with its family members from T. pseudonana or from other algae species (Cr—Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Ol—Ostreococcus lucimarinus, Ot—Ostreococcus tauri, or Pt—Phaeodactylum tricornutum). TpDGAT2 (TpDGAT2-1) shares 24%, 25%, and 17% sequence identity with its family members TpDGAT2-2, TpDGAT2-3, and TpDGAT2-4, respectively. Among different algae species TpDGAT2 (TpDGAT2-1) exhibits high sequence similarity with PtDGAT2-1 (48% sequence identity), and relatively high similarity with CrDGAT2-1, CrDGAT2-2, and CrDGAT2-4 (20%, 23%, and 24%, respectively).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Overview of Several Embodiments

Disclosed herein is the isolated and purified type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT2) of T. pseudonana. The surprising ability of this polypeptide to modify the synthesis of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA) in other organisms, and cells from other organisms, is used to transform plants and plant seeds to yield transgenic plants and plant seeds with desirable fatty acid compositions. Included in this disclosure are polypeptides with DGAT2 activity having an amino acid sequence of at least 90% sequence identity to that of T. pseudonana DGAT2. In certain embodiments, these polypeptide sequences comprise, for example, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, or SEQ ID NO:13. Also disclosed are polypeptides comprising sequences with at least 90% sequence identity to the catalytic diacylglycerol acyltransferase domain of T. pseudonana DGAT2. In certain embodiments, these polypeptide sequences comprise, for example, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:19. The catalytic diacylglycerol acyltransferase domain of T. pseudonana DGAT2 is depicted in FIG. 2; it consists of amino acid residues 236-365 in the complete disclosed polypeptide sequence of T. pseudonana DGAT2.

The polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:15 comprises the diacylglycerol acyltransferase domain of T. pseudonana DGAT2. Some embodiments relate to isolated or purified polypeptides comprising sequences with at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, or 99.7% sequence identity to the isolated or purified polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:15, for example, SEQ ID NO:1. In particular embodiments, these polypeptides have diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity can easily be determined by one skilled in the art by, for example, in vitro enzyme assay. This method is described in detail in Example 4, and typical results of this assay are shown in FIG. 10. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, the disclosure also relates to substantially homologous DNA sequences from plants and algae encoding proteins comprising deduced amino acid sequences of 90% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:15.

Other isolated or purified polypeptides from algae that are members of the DGAT2 family comprise amino acid sequences that are at least 90% identical to, for example, SEQ ID NO:25 (TpDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:27 (TpDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:29 (TpDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:31 (CrDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:33 (CrDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:35 (CrDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:37 (CrDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:39 (CrDGAT2-5), SEQ ID NO:41 (OlDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:43 (OlDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:45 (OlDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:47 (OlDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:49 (OtDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:51 (OtDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:53 (OtDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:55 (OtDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:57 (PtDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:59 (PtDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:61 (PtDGAT2-3), or SEQ ID NO:63 (PtDGAT2-4).

Some embodiments relate to isolated or purified nucleic acids (polynucleotides) that encode the polypeptides described above. The sequences of these polynucleotides may comprise, for example, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:26 (TpDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:28 (TpDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:30 (TpDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:32 (CrDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:34 (CrDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:36 (CrDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:38 (CrDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:40 (CrDGAT2-5), SEQ ID NO:42 (OlDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:44 (OlDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:46 (OlDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:48 (OlDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:50 (OtDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:52 (OtDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:54 (OtDGAT2-3), SEQ ID NO:56 (OtDGAT2-4), SEQ ID NO:58 (PtDGAT2-1), SEQ ID NO:60 (PtDGAT2-2), SEQ ID NO:62 (PtDGAT2-3), or SEQ ID NO:64 (PtDGAT2-4). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences have a percentage identity with the bases of a disclosed nucleotide sequence of at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, or 99.7% that encode a disclosed polypeptide. Several examples of such polynucleotides are SEQ ID NOS:21-24. As will be appreciated by the skilled practitioner, slight changes in nucleic acid sequence do not necessarily alter the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that changes in the identities of nucleotides in a specific gene sequence that change the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide may result in reduced or enhanced effectiveness of the genes and that, in some applications (i.e., antisense, co-suppression, or RNAi), partial sequences often work as effectively as full-length versions. The ways in which the gene sequence can be varied or shortened are well known to persons skilled in the art, as are ways of testing the effectiveness of the altered genes. In certain embodiments, effectiveness may easily be tested by, for example, conventional gas chromatography. All such variations of the genes are, therefore, included as part hereof.

Some embodiments relate to a vector containing an isolated or purified polynucleotide having at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO:2, for example, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NOS:21-24. Accordingly, there is provided a method for preparing a vector including a sequence selected from a group consisting of, for example, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NOS:21-24, or a part thereof, for introduction of the sequence or partial sequence in an antisense orientation, or the complement thereof, into a plant cell.

Certain embodiments relate to a vector containing polynucleotides having at least 80% homology to members of the DGAT2 family in algae. These vectors may comprise polynucleotide sequences of, for example, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:56, SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ED NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, or SEQ ID NO:64.

In some embodiments, the isolated and purified polynucleotides, and vectors comprising these isolated and purified polynucleotides, may be used to create transgenic plants that produce polypeptides with DGAT2 activity. Therefore, one embodiment relates to transgenic plants and plant seeds including an isolated or purified polynucleotide having at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO:2, for example, a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NOS:21-24. Other embodiments relate to transgenic plants and plant seeds including an isolated or purified polynucleotide having at least 80% homology to another member of the DGAT2 family in algae, for example, a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48; SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:56, SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, or SEQ ID NO:64. Plants of these embodiments may have altered levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in seeds as compared to levels in a plant lacking the nucleic acid construct. The fatty acids in the plant may be more than about 70% polyunsaturated fatty acids.

One embodiment comprises a method of producing such plants and plant seeds. The method comprises creating a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19, or a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to a polypeptide of the DGAT2 family in algae; for example, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:61, or SEQ ID NO:63; and introducing the construct into a plant. The method of this embodiment may be accomplished by any means known to one of ordinary skill in the art, by way of non-limiting example, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In specific embodiments, the method further comprises introducing a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with Brassica pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with diacylglycerol acetyltransferase activity, and/or a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity into the plant. This method may be practiced wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, Borago spp., Canola, Ricinus spp., Theobroma spp., Zea spp., Gossypium spp, Crambe spp., Cuphea spp., Linum spp., Lesquerella spp., Limnanthes spp., Linola, Tropaeolum spp., Oenothera spp., Olea spp., Elaeis spp., Arachis spp., rapeseed, Carthamus spp., Glycine spp., Soja spp., Helianthus spp., Nicotiana spp., Vernonia spp., Triticum spp., Hordeum spp., Oryza spp., Avena spp., Sorghum spp., Secale spp., Brassicaceae, and other members of the plant family Gramineae.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises harvesting a seed from the plant including the introduced nucleic acid construct, and extracting oil from the harvested seed. Therefore, other embodiments include a plant produced by the method, and oil extracted from the plant produced by the method.

Some of the manipulations and deliverables that are possible using the DGAT2 gene or a part thereof, include, but are not limited to, the following: seeds with increased or decreased oil content, seeds containing oils with an enhanced very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and plants exhibiting an enhanced or altered capacity to accumulate very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

II. Abbreviations

CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus

Cdna complementary DNA

CERV carnation etched ring virus

CrDGAT2 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

DAG sn-1,2-diacylglycerol

DGAT diacylglycerol acyltransferase

DGAT2 type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

DHA docosahexaenoic acid

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

EPA eicosapentaenoic acid

GPAT glycerol 3 phosphate acyltransferase

LPAT lyso phosphatidic acid acyltransferase

OlDGAT2 Ostreococcus lucimarinus type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

OtDGAT2 Ostreococcus tauri type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PtDGAT2 Phaeodactylum tricornutum type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

RNA ribonucleic acid

RNAi RNA interference

RT-PCR reverse transcription PCR

T35S CaMV 35S terminator

TAG triacylglycerol

TLC thin layer chromatography

Tmas mannopine synthase terminator

Tnos nopaline synthase terminator

TpDGAT2 T. pseudonana type 2 diacylglycerol transferase

TrbcS ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit termination region

VLCPUFA very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

III. Terms

In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of the disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided:

Complementary nucleotide sequence: “Complementary nucleotide sequence” of a sequence is understood as meaning any DNA whose nucleotides are complementary to those of sequences of the disclosure, and whose orientation is reversed (antiparallel sequence).

Degree or percentage of sequence homology: The term “degree or percentage of sequence homology” refers to degree or percentage of sequence identity between two sequences after optimal alignment. Percentage of sequence identity (or degree of identity) is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, where the portion of the peptide or polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical amino-acid residue or nucleic acid base occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Homologous isolated and/or purified sequence: “Homologous isolated and/or purified sequence” is understood to mean an isolated and/or purified sequence having a percentage identity with the bases of a nucleotide sequence, or the amino acids of a polypeptide sequence, of at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, or 99.7%. This percentage is purely statistical, and it is possible to distribute the differences between the two nucleotide sequences at random and over the whole of their length. Sequence identity can be determined, for example, by computer programs designed to perform single and multiple sequence alignments. It will be appreciated that this disclosure embraces the degeneracy of codon usage as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that conservative substitutions may be made in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide without disrupting the structure or function of the polypeptide. Conservative substitutions are accomplished by the skilled artisan by substituting amino acids with similar hydrophobicity, polarity, and R-chain length for one another. Additionally, by comparing aligned sequences of homologous proteins from different species, conservative substitutions may be identified by locating amino acid residues that have been mutated between species without altering the basic functions of the encoded proteins.

Isolated: As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, “isolated” refers to polypeptides that have been “isolated” from their native environment.

Nucleotide, polynucleotide, or nucleic acid sequence: “Nucleotide, polynucleotide, or nucleic acid sequence” will be understood as meaning both a double-stranded or single-stranded DNA in the monomeric and dimeric (so-called in tandem) forms and the transcription products of the DNAs.

Sequence identity: Two amino acids or nucleotide sequences are said to be “dentical” if the sequence of amino acids or nucleotidic residues in the two sequences is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence as described below. Sequence comparisons between two (or more) peptides or polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of two optimally aligned sequences over a segment or “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Ad. App. Math 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Neddleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementation of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection.

The definition of sequence identity given above is the definition that would be used by one of skill in the art. The definition by itself does not need the help of any algorithm, the algorithms being helpful only to achieve the optimal alignments of sequences, rather than the calculation of sequence identity.

From the definition given above, it follows that there is a well-defined and only one value for the sequence identity between two compared sequences, which value corresponds to the value obtained for the best or optimal alignment.

In the BLAST N or BLAST P “BLAST 2 sequence,” software that is available in the web site blast(DOT)ncbi(DOT)nlm(DOT)nih(DOT)gov/Blast(DOT)cgi, and habitually used by the inventors and, in general, by the skilled man for comparing and determining the identity between two sequences, gap cost that depends on the sequence length to be compared is directly selected by the software (i.e., 11.2 for substitution matrix BLOSUM-62 for length>85).

Stringent hybridization: Hybridization under conditions of stringency with a nucleotide sequence is understood as meaning a hybridization under conditions of temperature and ionic strength chosen in such a way that they allow the maintenance of the hybridization between two fragments of complementary DNA. Homologs of the DGAT2 genes described herein obtained from other organisms, for example, plants, may be obtained by screening appropriate libraries that include the homologs, wherein the screening is performed with the nucleotide sequence of the specific DGAT2 genes disclosed herein, or portions or probes thereof, or identified by sequence homology search using sequence alignment search programs such as BLAST and FASTA.

IV. Modification of Fatty Acid Levels by DGAT2 from Algae

A. Overview

Recent studies on DGAT2 from tung tree and castor bean suggest that in plants containing unusual fatty acids, DGAT2 may play an important role in channeling unusual fatty acids into seed storage oils. While DGAT2 may be a potential target in the genetic modification of plant lipid biosynthesis in oilseeds, the recently characterized enzymes contributed to the utilization of conjugated fatty acid eleostearic acid (tung tree DGAT2) and ricinolenic acid (castor bean DGAT2), respectively. Neither enzyme (tung tree DGAT2 or castor bean DGAT2) is involved in the incorporation of commercially desirable long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in triacylglycerol (TAG).

The marine centric diatom algae T. pseudonana is able to produce and accumulate long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA in TAG and is a good source of high-level very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA) accumulated oils. For this reason, the T. pseudonana diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (TpDGAT2) gene was investigated and characterized. Surprisingly, it was discovered that TpDGAT2, unlike DGAT2 from tung tree or castor bean, can efficiently incorporate very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into TAG. Using the TpDGAT2 gene to search polynucleotide sequences from T. pseudonana and related species of algae, other members of the DGAT2 family in algae were identified. Thus, algal DGAT2 genes were determined to be useful in transgenic tools and for the modification of TAG composition and accumulation in seeds.

B. Polypeptides Homologous to T. pseudonana DGAT2 with Type 2 Diacylglycerol Transferase Activity

Proteins that are homologous to full-length T. pseudonana DGAT2 can be found by searching protein databases, such as the NCBI protein database, with search engines, such as BLAST. They may also be identified by rational design. The process of rational design may comprise identifying conservative amino acid substitutions within the desired polypeptide sequence length, and making those substitutions in the encoded protein.

Searching the NCBI protein database with the full-length amino acid sequence of T. pseudonana DGAT2, BLASTP reveals polypeptides with significant sequence homology to TpDGAT2, several of which are shown aligned with TpDGAT2 in FIG. 2. The conserved type 2 diacylglycerol transferase domain is aligned in FIG. 2, and consists of amino acid residues 236-365 in TpDGAT2 and the corresponding residues from the other DGAT2 polypeptides depicted. The conserved type 2 diacylglycerol transferase domain is described within NCBI's conserved domain database, ncbi(DOT)nlm(DOT)nih(DOT)gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb(DOT)cgi. Polypeptide sequences that are homologous to this conserved domain impart the type 2 diacylglycerol activity of TpDGAT2 to proteins wherein it is contained.

It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that polypeptides with homologous sequences may be designed to exhibit the same structure and function as their homologs. The skilled artisan is enabled to design homologous polypeptides to those specifically described in the examples of this disclosure by the sequence alignment of FIG. 2. Such homologous polypeptides may be those that contain conservative substitutions to polypeptides of the present disclosure, for example, the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:19. Simple experimental assays that determine which homologous proteins exhibit substantially similar type 2 diacylglycerol transferase activity to TpDGAT2 are known to those skilled in the art. Such assays are not unduly time consuming, expensive, or technically difficult. For example, conventional gas chromatography may be used to detect TAG produced by TpDGAT2. Several of these assays are described in the detailed examples below.

C. Use of Nucleic Acid Molecules to Transform with DGAT2 Activity

It must be understood that disclosed embodiments do not include the genomic nucleotide sequences taken in their natural environment; that is to say, in the natural genome of T. pseudonana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Ostreococcus lucimarinus, Ostreococcus tauri, or Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Some embodiments concern sequences that it has been possible to isolate, purify or partially purify, starting from separation methods such as, for example, ion-exchange chromatography, by exclusion based on molecular size, or by affinity, or, alternatively, fractionation techniques based on solubility in different solvents, or starting from methods of genetic engineering such as amplification, cloning, and subcloning, it being possible for the sequences to be carried by vectors.

Further included are nucleic acid molecules that hybridize to the above-disclosed sequences. Hybridization conditions may be stringent in that hybridization will occur if there is at least a 90%, 95% or 97% identity with the nucleic acid molecule that encodes the disclosed DGAT2 molecules. The stringent conditions may include those used for known Southern hybridizations such as, for example, incubation overnight at 420° C. in a solution having 50% formamide, 5×SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 micrograms/milliliter denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the hybridization support in 0.1×SSC at about 65° C. Other known hybridization conditions are well known and are described in Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2001).

DNA isolation and cloning is well established. Similarly, DNA encoding an isolated enzyme may be inserted into a vector and transformed into yeast cells by conventional techniques. However, because no DGAT2 gene that can efficiently use VLCPUFA has been cloned, it has not been possible to address the possibility of genetic modifications by modulating DGAT2 activity. It was confirmed that DGAT2 is involved with TAG synthesis and utilizes VLCPUFA more efficiently than DGAT.

Nucleic acid molecules that code for DGAT2, for example, sequences having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, or SEQ ID NO:61, may be transformed into an organism, for example, a plant. Such homologous sequences are exemplified by SEQ ID NOS:21-24. As known in the art, there are a number of ways by which genes and gene constructs can be introduced into organisms, for example, plants, and a combination of transformation and tissue culture techniques have been successfully integrated into effective strategies for creating transgenic organisms, for example, crop plants. These methods have been described elsewhere (Potrykus, 1991; Vasil, 1994; Walden and Wingender, 1995; Songstad, et al., 1995), and are well known to persons skilled in the art. For example, one skilled in the art will certainly be aware that, in addition to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis by vacuum infiltration (Bechtold et al., 1993) or wound inoculation (Katavic, et al., 1994), it is equally possible to transform other plant and crop species, using Agrobacterium Ti-plasmid-mediated transformation (e.g., hypocotyl (DeBlock, et al., 1989) or cotyledonary petiole (Moloney, et al., 1989) wound infection), particle bombardment/biolistic methods (Sanford, et al., 1987; Nehra, et al., 1994; Becker, et al., 1994) or polyethylene glycol-assisted, protoplast transformation (Rhodes, et al., 1988; Shimamoto, et al., 1989) methods.

There are many examples of successful modifications to plant metabolism that have been achieved by genetic engineering to transfer new genes or to alter the expression of existing genes in plants. It is now routinely possible to introduce genes into many plant species of agronomic significance to improve crop performance (e.g., seed oil or tuber starch content/composition; meal improvement; herbicide, disease or insect resistance; heavy metal tolerance, etc.) (MacKenzie and Jain, 1997; Budziszewski, et al., 1996; Somerville, 1993; Kishore and Somerville, 1993).

As will also be apparent to persons skilled in the art, and as described elsewhere (Meyer, 1995; Dada, et al., 1997), it is possible to utilize plant, promoters to direct any intended up- or down-regulation of transgene expression using constitutive promoters (e.g., those based on CaMV35S), or by using promoters that can target gene expression to particular cells, tissues (e.g., napin promoter for expression of transgenes in developing seed cotyledons), organs (e.g., roots), to a particular developmental stage, or in response to a particular external stimulus (e.g., heat shock).

Promoters for use herein may be inducible, constitutive, or tissue-specific or have various combinations of such characteristics. Useful promoters include, but are not limited to, constitutive promoters, e.g., carnation etched ring virus (CERV), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, or more particularly the double enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, comprising two CaMV 35S promoters in tandem (referred to as a “Double 35S” promoter).

It may be desirable to use a tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter instead of a constitutive promoter in certain circumstances. A tissue-specific promoter allows for overexpression in certain tissues without affecting expression in other tissues. By way of illustration, a promoter used in overexpression of enzymes in seed tissue is an ACP promoter as described in PCT International Publication WO 92/18634, published Oct. 29, 1992.

The promoter and termination regulatory regions may be functional in the host plant cell and may be heterologous (that is, not naturally occurring) or homologous (derived from the plant host species) to the plant cell and the gene. Suitable promoters which may be used are described above.

The termination regulatory region may be derived from the 3′ region of the gene from which the promoter was obtained or from another gene. Suitable termination regions that may be used are well known in the art and include Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator (Tnos), A. tumefaciens mannopine synthase terminator (Tmas) and the CaMV 35S terminator (T35S), the pea ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit termination region (TrbcS), or the Tnos termination region. Such gene constructs may suitably be screened for activity by transformation into a host plant via Agrobacterium and screening for increased isoprenoid levels.

Suitably, the nucleotide sequences for the genes may be extracted from the GenBank® (a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) nucleotide database and searched for restriction enzymes that do not cut. These restriction sites may be added to the genes by conventional methods such as incorporating these sites in PCR primers or by sub-cloning.

Preferably, a DNA construct for use herein is comprised within a vector, most suitably an expression vector adapted for expression in an appropriate host (plant) cell. It will be appreciated that any vector that is capable of producing a plant comprising the introduced DNA sequence will be sufficient.

Suitable vectors are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in general technical references such as Pouwels, et al., Cloning Vectors. A Laboratory Manual, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1986). Particularly suitable vectors include the Ti plasmid vectors.

Transformation techniques for introducing the DNA constructs into host cells are well known in the art and include such methods as micro-injection, using polyethylene glycol, electroporation, high velocity ballistic penetration, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. After transformation of the plant cells or plant, those plant cells or plants into which the desired DNA has been incorporated may be selected by such methods as antibiotic resistance, herbicide resistance, tolerance to amino-acid analogues, or using phenotypic markers.

Various assays may be used to determine whether the plant cell shows an increase in gene expression, for example, Northern blotting or quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Whole transgenic plants may be regenerated from the transformed cell by conventional methods. Such transgenic plants having improved isoprenoid levels may be propagated and self-pollinated to produce homozygous lines. Such plants produce seeds containing the genes for the introduced trait and can be grown to produce plants that will produce the selected phenotype.

Particularly preferred plants for modification according to the present disclosure include Arabidopsis thaliana, borage (Borago spp.), Canola, castor (Ricinus communis) (Ricinus spp.), cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao) (Theobroma spp.), corn (Zea mays) (Zea spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), Crambe spp., Cuphea spp., flax (Linum spp.), Lesquerella spp. and Limnanthes spp., Linola, nasturtium (Tropaeolum spp.), Oenothera spp., olive (Olea spp.), palm (Elaeis spp.), peanut (Arachis spp.), rapeseed, safflower (Carthamus spp.), soybean (Glycine spp. and Soja spp.), sunflower (Helianthus spp.), tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), Vernonia spp., wheat (Triticum spp.), barley (Hordeum spp.), rice (Oryza spp.), oat (Avena spp.) sorghum (Sorghum spp.), rye (Secale spp.) or other members of the plant family Gramineae.

Some embodiments are used to modify the yield or composition of oilseed produced from oilseed crops. Oilseed crops are plant species that are capable of generating edible or industrially useful oils in commercially significant yields, and include many of the plant species listed above. Such oilseed crops are well known to persons skilled in the art.

In one example, plants transformed with a nucleotide sequence that codes for a DGAT2 are grown. Seeds of the transgenic plants are harvested and fatty acids of the seeds are extracted. The extracted fatty acids are used for subsequent incorporation into a composition, for example, a pharmaceutical composition, a nutraceutical composition or a food composition.

In certain embodiments, other methods of enhancing or altering oil production may also be used with the plant to be transformed (e.g., incorporating, for expression in the plant, a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide having, for example, Brassica pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,859 to Marilla, et al. (May 8, 2007), U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,670 to Zou, et al. (December 2002), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,636 to Randall, et al. (July 2001), a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide having diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,015,373 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,670 to Zou, et al. (December 2002), and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide having glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,724 and combinations thereof).

Embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms in addition to those specific examples described in detail herein. Thus, embodiments are not limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the scope of the disclosure encompasses all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the following appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 DNA Manipulation

Standard methods and procedures were used for DNA preparation, plasmid propagation and isolation (Sambrook, et al., 1989). Sequencing was conducted on an Applied Biosystems Model 373A DNA Sequencing System using the Taq DYEDEOxY™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with sequences available in databanks using the BLAST program (Altschul et al., 1990). The DGAT2 clones were identified on the basis of homology with other fatty acid diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes in the NCBI nucleotide and protein databases as known in the art.

Example 2 In Vivo Triacylglycerol (TAG) Formed in Yeast Transformants by Expressing TpDGAT2

The DGAT2 gene was inserted into the pYES2.1 (Invitrogen). The construct was confirmed by sequencing and pYES2.1/TpDGAT2 was used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain H1246 MAT-α. This mutant strain is a quadruple mutant (DGAT-, PDAT-, ASAT-, ASAT2-). Plasmid DNA was isolated from putative transformants and the presence of the pYES2.1/TpDGAT2 was confirmed by Southern analysis. H1246 MAT-α transformants containing vector only (pYES2.1) were used as controls. H1246 MAT-α transformed with Arabidopsis thaliana DGAT1 served as a positive control.

Single colonies were cultured overnight in 20 mL of SD medium (synthetic Dextrose medium with glucose and without uracil, as described by Ausubel, et al., 1995, Vol. 2, p. 13.1.3) on a rotary shaker (270 rpm) at 28° C. Cells were pelleted from the overnight culture and resuspended in 50 mL of medium for induction of expression (SD medium containing galactose and without uracil). Cells were reincubated at 28° C., with shaking at 270 rpm, and harvested after four to six hours. GAL-induced yeast transformants were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes and resuspended in 100 mM Hepes NaOH, pH 7.4, containing 1 mM EDTA and 1 mM DTT.

Referring to FIG. 9, no TAG was produced in the empty vector, negative control (lane 8) while the positive control (lane 1) showed a TAG band. Each of the DGAT2-containing vectors (lanes 2-6) showed a TAG band, which confirmed that DGAT2 has the capacity to synthesize TAG. The lane on the right of lane 8 was loaded with a TAG standard, which was used as a TAG marker.

Example 3 Substrate Preference of TpDGAT2

Cell lysates were prepared using acid-washed glass beads as described by Ausubel, et al. (1995). Protein in yeast lysates was measured using the Bradford (1976) assay, protein levels in each lysate were normalized, and aliquots (250 μg protein) were assayed for DGAT2 activity.

DGAT assays were conducted at pH 7.4, with shaking at 100 revolutions/minute in a water bath at 30° C. for 10 minutes. Assay mixtures (0.5 ml final volume) contained 100 μg lysate protein, 90 mM HEPES-NaOH, 200 μM sn-1,2 diolein, and 18 μM ¹⁴C Acyl-CoAs (specific activity 2 nCi/nmol) as the acyl donor. The ¹⁴C-labeled TAGs were isolated by TLC on silica gel G plates developed in hexane:diethyl ether:acetic acid (70:30:1 v/v/v/), the radiolabeled TAG bands visualized on a Bioscan AR-2000 radio-TLC scanner using Win-Scan 2D® software (Bioscan Inc., Washington, D.C., USA) and the bands scraped and quantified as described by Taylor et al. (1991).

Example 4 Fatty Acid Composition of TpDGAT2 Transformants

S. cerevisiae strain H1246 MAT-α was transformed with A. thaliana/pYES2.1 or T. pseudonana/pYES2.1. Transformants were grown for three days at 28° C. and induced by galactose. The transformants were either treated with nothing (control), 50 μM DHA or 150 μM DHA. The fatty acid profile of three transformants containing AtDGAT1/pYES2.1 and three transformants containing TpDGAT2/pYES2.1 are shown in Table 1, based on conventional gas chromatography analysis.

Fatty acids are identified as 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), and 22:6 (DHA); and the composition of each is presented as a percentage of the total fatty acids. Expression of DHA increased from zero in the control strain to 6.01% in the 150 μM TpDGAT2/pYES2.1 and was more than double that of 150 μM AtDGAT/pYES2.1 (Table 1). These results further confirm that TpDGAT2 utilizes DHA fatty acids more efficiently than DGAT1.

In terms of fatty acid composition, the mutant lines containing DGAT2 cDNA showed a decrease in the total saturates, and increases in the unsaturates as shown in Table 1. Such changes are all toward a “healthier” oil profile and can be applied directly to canola, other oilseeds in the Brassicaceae and other edible oil crops to produce similar oil composition improvements.

TABLE 1 Fatty Acid Composition of TAG Expressed by DGAT2 and DGAT1 in Yeast Mutant H1246 MAT - α. Fatty acid composition % % % % % % % Treatment 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 22:6 Sats Unsats AtDGAT/ 13.93 35.71 17.84 32.51 0.00 31.78 68.22 pYES2.1 - no feeding AtDGAT/ 19.68 27.54 16.51 34.82 1.46 36.18 62.36 pYES2.1 - 50 μM DHA AtDGAT/ 19.24 27.83 15.21 35.08 2.63 34.45 62.91 pYES2.1 - 150 μM DHA TpDGAT2/ 10.03 30.23 13.83 45.90 0.00 23.87 76.13 pYES2.1 - no feeding TpDGAT2/ 6.43 35.39 8.49 45.07 4.62 14.92 80.47 pYES2.1 - 50 μM DHA TpDGAT2/ 5.77 31.73 11.57 44.93 6.01 17.34 76.66 pYES2.1 - 150 μM DHA

Example 5 Over-Expression of the DGAT2 cDNA in Wild Type A. thaliana

The full-length DGAT2 cDNA is used as a template for PCR amplification. A fragment is excised by restriction endonuclease digestion and ligated into the corresponding sites of a vector. The construct integrity is confirmed by sequencing.

The vector is introduced into A. tumefaciens, used to transform wild type A. thaliana, and is progeny analyzed.

Example 6 Construction of DGAT2 cDNA Plant Transformation Vector for Seed-Specific Expression

The full-length DGAT2 cDNA is used as a template for PCR amplification with primers to provide new restriction sites on each end of the sequence. The PCR profile is as follows: 94° C. 1 minute; 30 cycles of 94° C. 30 seconds, 55° C. 30 seconds, 72° C. 1 minute; and 72° C. 5 minutes. The PCR product is then ligated into the PCR 2.1 vector (Invitrogen). A fragment is excised and ligated into the corresponding sites of a vector. The construct integrity is confirmed by sequencing.

Example 7 Transformation of Agrobacterium with Plant DGAT2 Vector Constructs

Electrocompetent Agrobacterium cells, GV3101 (pMP90) strain, are prepared as follows: An Agrobacterium culture is grown 24 to 48 hours in 2YT, and when the absorbance at 600 nm has reached 0.5 to 0.7, the cells are chilled on ice and pelleted by centrifugation (5,000×g, 10 minutes in a GSA rotor at 4° C.). The pellet is washed in 1, 0.5, and 0.02 volumes of cold 10% sterile glycerol and resuspended in 0.01 volume of cold 10% glycerol. The electrocompetent cells are then frozen in liquid N₂ and stored at −70° C. The Agrobacterium cells are transformed by electroporation with 20-50 ng of transforming DNA according to the manufacturer's instructions, plated on a selective medium (LB with 50 μg/mL kanamycin) and incubated overnight at 28° C. Single transformed cells are grown overnight (28° C., 225 r.p.m.) in 5 mL LB with 50 μg/mL Kanamycin and 25 μg/mL Gentamycin. DNA extraction and purification are performed. The fidelity of the construct is re-checked by DNA sequencing before plant transformation.

Example 8 Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana

Seeds of A. thaliana are grown at 22° C. under fluorescent illumination (120 μE·m⁻² S⁻¹) in a 16 hour light/8 hour dark regime. Four to six plants are raised in a 10 cm² pot in moistened TERRA-LITE REDI-EARTH (W. R. Grace & Co. Canada Ltd., Ajax, ON, Canada). To prevent the soil mix in the pot from falling into the inoculation media, soil is mounded as a platform with seeds sown on top, and the whole pot covered by a nylon window screen and secured by a rubber band. Plants are vacuum infiltrated in an Agrobacterium suspension when the first flowers start opening.

To grow Agrobacterium, a 5 mL suspension in LB medium containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 25 μg/mL gentamycin is cultured overnight at 28° C. The day before infiltration, this “seed culture” is divided into four flasks containing 250 mL of LB medium supplemented with 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 25 μg/mL gentamycin. These cultures are grown overnight at 28° C. The next morning after the absorbance at 600 nm is checked (approximately=1.0), the cells are harvested by centrifugation (5,000×g, 10 minutes in a GSA rotor at room temperature) and resuspended in the infiltration medium (sucrose 5%; Silwet-77 0.005% in water) to obtain an optical density at 600 nm of 0.8.

The Agrobacterium suspension is poured into a beaker and the potted plants inverted into the beaker so that the flowers and bolts are submerged. The beaker is placed into a large Bell jar and a vacuum is drawn using a vacuum pump, until bubbles form on the stem surfaces and the solution starts to bubble slightly, and then the vacuum is released rapidly. The necessary time and pressure will vary from one lab setup to the next, but good infiltration is visibly apparent as uniformly darkened, water soaked tissue. Pots are removed from the beaker, laid on their side in a plastic tray and covered with a plastic dome to maintain humidity. The following day, the plants are uncovered, set upright and allowed to grow for approximately four weeks in a growth chamber under continuous light conditions as described by Katavic, et al. (1995). When the siliques are mature and dry, seeds are harvested and are selected for positive transformants.

Example 9 Transformation of Brassica napus

Transformation is essentially carried out as described by Moloney, et al., 1989, Plant Cell Reports 8:238-242.

A. tumifaciens strain GV3101/pMP90 (C. Koncz and J. Schell, 1986, Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:383-396) is used for transformation studies. A stationary phase bacterial culture in LB broth (Difco, USA) (100 ml) is harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in 10 ml fresh LB broth with 1% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) (Sigma, USA) as a cryoprotectant. Aliquots of 200 μl are stored at −20° C. until used for transformation, wherein a bacterial aliquot is added to 2 ml Brain Heart Infusion Broth (Difco, USA) containing 2% sucrose, 50 μM acetosyringone, pH 5.6 and incubated overnight at 28° C. Bacterial cell density is approximately 1×10⁹ cells per ml.

Cotyledonary explants are exposed to Agrobacterium containing the plant transformation vector according to the method of Moloney, et al. (1989), Plant Cell Rep. 8:238-242. The cut surface of the petiole of the explants is briefly submerged into the bacterial culture. The explants are inserted into co-cultivation medium such that the cut surface is in contact with the medium. Ten explants are placed in each 100×15 mm Petri plate. Co-cultivation plates are sealed with STRETCH′N SEAL™ plastic wrap. Plates are incubated for three days in a growth cabinet with temperature and photoperiod conditions, as above, with respect to the seed germination step. The explants are then transferred to selection medium.

After 3 to 4 weeks in the selection medium, regenerating green shoots (putative transformants) are excised and transferred to fresh selection medium for continued growth. When shoots attain a length of 1.5-2.0 cm, they are transferred to rooting medium. Putative transgenic shoots are screened for expression of the gus gene essentially as described by R. A. Jefferson (1987), Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387-405. The presence of blue staining is regarded as evidence of transformation.

Confirmation of transformation is established by selection on kanamycin, Southern blots, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and progeny analysis.

Example 10 Selection of Putative Transformants (Transgenic Plants) and Analysis of Transgenic Plants

For each construct, seeds are harvested in bulk. Seeds are surface sterilized by submerging them in a solution containing 20% bleach and 0.01% TRITON® X-100 for 20 minutes, followed by three rinses with sterile water. Sterilized seeds are plated by re-suspending them in sterile 0.1% phytagar at room temperature (about 1 mL phytagar for every 500-1000 seeds), and applying a volume containing 2,000-4,000 seeds onto 150×15 mm kanamycin selection plate. Plates are incubated for two days in the cold without light, and grown for seven to ten days in a controlled environment (22° C. under fluorescent illumination (120 μE·m⁻² s⁻¹) in a 16-hour light/8-hour dark regime). The selection media contains ½ MSG medium, 0.8% phytagar, 3% sucrose, 50 mg/mL kanamycin and 50 mg/mL Timentin. Petri dishes and lids are sealed with a MICROPORE™ surgical tape (3M Canada, London, ON, Canada). After seven to ten days, drug-resistant plants that have green leaves and well-established roots within the medium are identified as transformants and at the three- to five-leaf stage, selected transformants are transplanted into flats filled with heavily moistened soil mix. Transformants are grown to maturity and mature seeds (T₂ generation as defined in Katavic, et al. (1994)) are harvested from individual plants, and further analyzed.

Genomic DNA is isolated from individual T₁ plants. PCR amplification is performed to confirm the presence of the cDNA or the gene, respectively, in the T₁ transformants. Southern analysis is performed to select the transformants containing a single copy of the inserted fragment. DNA samples are digested with restriction enzymes, resolved by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel, and Southern blotting is performed using a nylon filter (Hybond-N+, Amersham). The DGAT2 cDNA fragment, labeled with α-[³²P] dCTP (NEN/DuPont) is used as a probe. Hybridization is performed at 60° C. The filter is then exposed to Kodak X-OMAT-AR

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1. Oil from a transgenic oilseed plant, wherein the oil comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a peptide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:15, wherein the encoded polypeptide has diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity.
 2. The oil of claim 1, wherein the transgenic oilseed plant is produced by introducing into the plant a nucleic acid molecule comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide.
 3. The oil of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. The oil of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 5. The oil of claim 1, wherein the transgenic oilseed plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, Borago spp., Canola, Ricinus spp., Theobroma spp., Zea spp., Gossypium spp, Crambe spp., Cuphea spp., Linum spp., Lesquerella spp., Limnanthes spp., Linola, Tropaeolum spp., Oenothera spp., Olea spp., Elaeis spp., Arachis spp., rapeseed, Carthamus spp., Glycine spp., Soja spp., Helianthus spp., Nicotiana spp., Vernonia spp., Triticum spp., Hordeum spp., Oryza spp., Avena spp., Sorghum spp., Secale spp., Brassicaceae, and other members of the plant family Gramineae.
 6. The oil of claim 1, wherein the oil comprises an amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is greater than the amount of DHA in oil from an oilseed plant of the same species that does not comprise a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a peptide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:15.
 7. The oil of claim 6, wherein the transgenic oilseed plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, Borago spp., Canola, Ricinus spp., Theobroma spp., Zea spp., Gossypium spp, Crambe spp., Cuphea spp., Linum spp., Lesquerella spp., Limnanthes spp., Linola, Tropaeolum spp., Oenothera spp., Olea spp., Elaeis spp., Arachis spp., rapeseed, Carthamus spp., Glycine spp., Soja spp., Helianthus spp., Nicotiana spp., Vernonia spp., Triticum spp., Hordeum spp., Oryza spp., Avena spp., Sorghum spp., Secale spp., Brassicaceae, and other members of the plant family Gramineae.
 8. A composition comprising the oil of claim 1, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, a nutraceutical composition, or a food composition.
 9. Oil extracted from a plant comprising a nucleic acid molecule comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a peptide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:15, wherein the encoded polypeptide has diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, and wherein the oil comprises the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.
 10. The oil of claim 9, wherein the oil comprises an amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is greater than the amount of DHA in oil from a plant of the same species that does not comprise a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a peptide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:15.
 11. The oil of claim 9, wherein the transgenic oilseed plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, Borago spp., Canola, Ricinus spp., Theobroma spp., Zea spp., Gossypium spp, Crambe spp., Cuphea spp., Linum spp., Lesquerella spp., Limnanthes spp., Linola, Tropaeolum spp., Oenothera spp., Olea spp., Elaeis spp., Arachis spp., rapeseed, Carthamus spp., Glycine spp., Soja spp., Helianthus spp., Nicotiana spp., Vernonia spp., Triticum spp., Hordeum spp., Oryza spp., Avena spp., Sorghum spp., Secale spp., Brassicaceae, and other members of the plant family Gramineae.
 12. A composition comprising the oil of claim 9, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, a nutraceutical composition, or a food composition. 